Three Tank Steam System - ANS (Metric Units)

Summary

The objective of this example is to familiarize the user with the components of the ANS module. We will apply automated sizing to determine the ideal pipe sizes from our previously built three-reservoir model to reduce costs while meeting certain requirements.

Note: This example can only be run if you have a license for the ANS module.

Topics Covered

• Minimizing the pipe weight to minimize cost

• Defining Pipe Design Requirements

• Choosing Candidate Sets

Required Knowledge

This example assumes the user has already worked through the Beginner: Air Heating System example, or has a level of knowledge consistent with that topic.  You can also watch the AFT Arrow Quick Start Video (English Units) on the AFT website, as it covers the majority of the topics discussed in the Beginner: Air Heating System example.

Model Files

This example uses the following files, which are installed in the Examples folder as part of the AFT Arrow installation:

• US - Three Tank System - ANS Initial.aro

• US - Three Tank System - ANS Final.aro

Step 1. Start AFT Arrow

From the Start Menu choose the AFT Arrow 9 folder and select AFT Arrow 9.

To ensure that your results are the same as those presented in this documentation, this example should be run using all default AFT Arrow settings, unless you are specifically instructed to do otherwise.

Open the US - Three Tank System - ANS Initial.aro example file listed above, which is located in the Examples folder in the AFT Arrow application folder. Save the file to a different folder. This is the only scenario needed for this example, so right-click the Base Scenario and select Delete All Children. The workspace should look like Figure 1:

Step 2. Define the Modules Group

The ANS module is controlled through the Sizing window which is activated and enabled through Analysis Setup. Open Analysis Setup, and navigate to the Modules panel. Check the box next to Activate ANS. The Network option should automatically be selected, making ANS enabled for use. Alternatively, ANS can be enabled from the Analysis menu by going to the Automated Sizing option and selecting Network, as shown in Figure 2.

Step 3. Define the Automatic Sizing Group

Here we will pursue a brief introduction to some of the sizing capabilities in the ANS module. A more complete discussion is given in the AFT Arrow Help file.

The Sizing window is comprised of multiple panels which can be accessed using the buttons on the Sizing Navigation Panel along the bottom of the window, as shown in Figure 3. The sizing panels can be accessed in any order, though it is easiest to enter the information by navigating the panels from left to right, since the input on panels such as the Sizing Objective and Sizing Assignments panels will affect the options available on later panels. Depending on the type of sizing being done, some panels may be disabled or unused.

Similar to Analysis Setup, each panel button contains either a green checkmark or red circle which denotes the completion status of that panel. If the minimum required information is present to run the model, the symbol will be green, whereas the red symbol represents incomplete input. The amount of information required will vary based on whether the Sizing Level Status is set to Perform Sizing, Calculate Costs, or Do Not Size. A detailed summary of the items which have been completed and the items which are still incomplete can be seen in the Sizing Status panel, opened from the Sizing Toolbar.

Note that some panels will always be shown as complete since the model can be run without any additional information entered on them, such as with the Design Requirements panel. However, in order to find the best system design it will often be necessary to enter more than the minimum information required by the solver.

The Lock Panel toggle located on the Sizing Toolbar prevents changes to the current panel when it is enabled. This is primarily useful to prevent editing once a scenario has been run, since any changes that are made to a scenario which has output will cause all output to be erased. By default, the ANS module will lock all panels after a sizing run is completed, requiring panels to be unlocked before any changes can be made. This setting can be changed on the Sizing Objective panel. All panels can be locked or unlocked simultaneously by using the Lock/Unlock All Panels buttons on the Sizing Toolbar. This setting can be changed on the Sizing Objective panel, as can be seen in Figure 3.

A. Sizing Objective

The Sizing Objective panel is used to set the type of calculation that will be performed, and to select an Objective which will be used in the sizing process.

For the Sizing Option, Perform Sizing should generally be selected, since this is the primary function of the ANS module. However, the other two options may be used for troubleshooting or informational purposes. For example, the Calculate Cost, Do Not Size option may be useful to calculate an initial cost for the system, or to verify your cost libraries. The Do Not Size option allows the model to be run normally in AFT Arrow without requiring any cost or sizing information. This is useful to preserve the information already entered in the Sizing window while running the model normally.

ØSelect Perform Sizing to begin configuring the sizing settings.

Note: The Sizing Level Status, which shows the type of calculation being performed, can always be seen on the box on the left of the Sizing Navigation panel. Clicking this box will bring you to the Sizing Objective panel, where this status can be changed.

The next step is to set a Sizing Objective, which can be monetary cost, or a non-monetary cost such as pipe weight or flow volume. It is easier to perform a non-monetary sizing, since all of the geometry and material information necessary to calculate the pipe weight/volume is already contained in the pipe material libraries. A monetary cost objective would require cost information to be obtained and entered into cost libraries.  For many systems, sizing the system using one of the simpler non-monetary objective options provides a sufficient approximation for minimized cost. In this case, we will be performing a minimization for pipe weight.

ØFor the Objective, choose Pipe Weight, and select the Minimize option from the drop-down list if not already selected, as shown in Figure 3 above.

The other option available in the Sizing Objective panel is to configure the Sizing Lock Options as mentioned previously. This option will be left as the default.

B. Sizing Assignments

On the Sizing Navigation panel at the bottom of the window select the Sizing Assignments button. The Sizing Assignments panel allows the user to define what objects will be sized in the model, and what will be included in the cost calculation without being sized. Common Size Groups for pipes, or Maximum Cost Groups for compressors/control valves can be created on this panel as well when appropriate.

Let's consider the Sizing Assignments for the pipes, which should be displayed by default when we open this panel. In this case since the Sizing Objective is Pipe Weight we will discuss all costs in terms of weight.

In the Sizing and Weight Options table there are several options under the categories to Automatically Size, or Do Not Size the pipe.

If an Automatically Size option is selected, the ANS module will treat the pipe diameter as a variable and vary it according to certain criteria that will be discussed shortly.

For a new system, typically all pipes will be desired to be sized and included in the weight calculation by choosing Always Include in Weight. If you are instead analyzing the possible replacement of existing pipes, it may be better to size the pipes, but only include the weight if the size changes from that which exists by choosing Include in Weight if Size Changes.

If Do not Size is selected, the pipe will retain the settings currently set in the Workspace. Why would one choose to not size a pipe? There could be a number of reasons, but one good reason is that the pipe represents a pipe in an existing system and the design does not allow the replacement of that pipe with a new one. Therefore its diameter is fixed, and sizing the pipe would be unrealistic.

Another reason may be if a certain size is necessary for the design due to certain requirements, in which case the pipe weight can be included without sizing the pipe by choosing Include in Weight.

This model is a new system, so all pipes will be sized and included in the weight calculation.

ØSelect Always Include in Weight under Automatically Size for all three pipes (Figure 4).

Since we want to size the pipes independently in this model, we do not need to make any changes to the Pipe Grouping section of the table, so this panel is complete.

Note: For models which have junctions that can be sized, a Junctions button at the top of this panel will be available to set the Junctions Sizing Assignments. In this case we have chosen to analyze pipe weight. While this value can easily be calculated for the pipes, Arrow does not have enough information to calculate a weight for the branch or the reservoirs, which means that they cannot be sized using this method, and the Junctions tab is unavailable. This same limitation exists when using other non-monetary objectives as well, such as flow volume. If the size of a junction will have a large impact on the system cost, such as a compressor, Monetary Cost should be used as the Objective.

C. Candidate Sets

Click on the Candidate Sets button to open the Candidate Sets panel.

Since commercial piping is limited to certain sizes, the ANS module needs a list of possible sizes from which to choose. This list is called a Candidate Set.

So as not to limit the sizing unnecessarily, the candidate sets should include both smaller and larger pipes than your anticipated final size. If you make the candidate set too small, you may limit the ability of the ANS module to find the best sizing. It is better to make the candidate set too large than too small. Experience applying the ANS module to actual systems will help you choose appropriate candidate sets. If after obtaining a solution you find that one or more of the sized pipes is at the extreme of the candidate set, a warning will appear, and it is recommended to expand the defined candidate set.

To create a Candidate Set, do the following:

1. Under Define Candidate Sets, click New.

2. Give the set the name STD Steel and click OK.

3. From the drop down list choose Steel - ANSI.

4. In the bottom of the Select Pipe Sizes window, click the Sort option Type, Schedule, Class if it is not already selected.

5. In the Available Material Sizes and Types list on the left, select STD so that the schedule name is now highlighted.

6. Click the Add button to add all STD pipe sizes to the list on the right (Figure 5).

7. In the Select Pipe Sizes window, click the OK button.

The STD Steel set will now appear in the Define Candidate Sets section.

We will apply the STD Steel set shortly. First, let’s take a moment to understand what we have just done. We have created a Candidate Set that includes all pipe sizes in the library that are STD Steel - ANSI. At the low end this includes 1/8th inch pipe, and at the high end 48 inch pipe. This Candidate Set contains pipe sizes from a library of Steel-ANSI pipe, and not just specific pipes from the model. After we apply this candidate set to a specific pipe in the model and the  sizing is run, the ANS module will select the best pipe size from this set of pipe sizes to achieve the objective.

We now need to define which pipes will use this Candidate Set during the sizing calculation. Each pipe that is being sized must have a Candidate Set assigned to it. Under Assign Candidate Sets to Pipes, set each pipe in the model to use STD Steel by selecting the radio button under this Candidate Set for each of the pipes. The Candidate Sets should now be fully defined and assigned to the appropriate pipes, as can be seen in Figure 6.

D. Design Requirements

Select the Design Requirements button. If we do not define any design requirements for this model, the ANS module will choose the smallest pipe size in the Candidate Set, since it has the smallest pipe weight. Along with the smallest pipes we may get unacceptably low flowrates, or unacceptably high velocities and pressure drops. To maintain acceptable system operating conditions, we need to set Design Requirements.

We are going to define one Design Requirement for this case. Before adding any requirements, let’s look more closely at the results of the model we are starting with. Pipe 1 is 14 inch, and the other two are 12 inch. The results show that the steam flows from tank J1 to tanks J2 and J3. The mass flow rate out of J1 is 143.38 lbm/sec, and the mass flow rates to J2 and J3 are 29.07 and 114.31 lbm/sec, respectively. Let's assume that there is a requirement to deliver at least 28 lbm/sec each to J2 and J3.

We need to create a Design Requirement that represents the flow requirement. To do this:

1. Make sure that the Pipes button is selected.

2. Click New under Define Design Requirements.

3. Enter the name Min Flow.

4. A new row will appear in the Pipe Design Requirements table. In this row, select Mass Flow Rate as the Parameter.

5. Choose Minimum for Max/Min, and enter 28 lbm/sec

We now need to apply this Design Requirement to the pipes. In the Assign Design Requirements to Pipes section select the check box for Min Flow next to pipes P2 and P3. This will set the minimum flow rate going into Tanks J2 and J3 as described above. The fully defined and assigned Design Requirements are shown in Figure 7.

E. Assign Cost Libraries

When the Sizing Objective has been defined as Monetary Cost, it is necessary to create and assign cost libraries for the automated sizing, which can be done in the Assign Cost Library panel. Since we have defined the objective as Pipe Weight, we will not need to assign any cost libraries, and this button is grayed out.

F. Sizing Method

Select the Sizing Method button to go to the Sizing Method Panel.

The Sizing Method Panel is used to set up the calculation methods for sizing the system. The User has the option to select whether discrete or continuous sizing will be used, and which method will be applied.

If Continuous Sizing is selected, the ANS module will use the maximum and minimum pipe sizes from the Candidate Sets as bounds, and report the ideal hydraulic diameter for the pipes between those bounds. This would result in pipe sizes which  would not match any of the possible chosen commercial sizes. While this is not useful as a final solution, this can be helpful as a baseline to check the final discrete sizing solution. Discrete Sizing will typically perform a continuous sizing calculation as a basis, after which multiple discrete sizes above and below this solution will be evaluated to find the ideal sizing based on the provided Candidate Set.

ØFor this model, select Discrete Sizing if it is not already selected.

For the Search Method, the ideal method will often change based on the number of independent pipe sizes (shown in the Sizing Assignments panel on the bottom right), number of Design Requirements, and feasibility of the initial system design. The Help file provides more information on the strengths and weaknesses of each method. It is generally recommended to run the sizing with more than one method, as it is often not obvious which method will be most effective for each system. The Suggest Best Method button can be used as a guide for which method to start with.

For a simple model such as this one, the MMFD or SQP method should be appropriate since there are only two Design Requirements (the minimum flow at the two delivery pipes), and only three pipe sizes are being varied.

ØChoose the default Modified Method of Feasible Directions (MMFD) (Figure 8).

Step 4. Run the Model

Select Run from the Toolbar or Analysis menu. While the model is running, the Solution Progress window shows the Sizing Calls to Solver. This is how many times a complete hydraulic analysis was run.

The solver also displays the Current Cost and Best Feasible Cost, which will display the last calculated value for the cost, as well as the Best Feasible Cost which has been found so far (Figure 9). The solver will continue to iterate using the defined method until it finds the ideal sizing. For the selected method, the solver will first perform a continuous sizing to find a starting point, then test discrete solutions close to this continuous solution to find the final, discrete solution.

Step 5. Examine the Output

Click the View Output button to see the results. The General section shows the Cost Report, which indicates the volumes for the final solution. As shown in Figure 10, the minimum total pipe weight identified by the ANS module was 37,143 lbm. In the Pipes section of the output on the Sizing tab, the final pipe sizes of  12, 8, and 6 inches are shown (Figure 10).

Now switch to the Pipe Design Requirements tab in the Pipe section (Figure 11). We can confirm that the calculated design is feasible, since all of the Design Requirements were met. That is, the flow from J1 (as shown in pipe P1) exceeded 2500 gpm, and the flows to J2 and J3 exceeded 750 gpm. Notice that some of the Design Requirements are highlighted, indicating that they were active. An active design requirement is defined as a requirement that had an impact on the solution. If an active design requirement were disabled,  a different solution would be found. Yellow highlights indicate that the design requirement was active in the final solution, while blue highlights indicate that the requirement was active when the continuous sizing was performed, but the difference between the discrete and continuous solutions was outside of a pre-defined tolerance.

You can also display the adjusted pipe sizes and resulting flow rates in the Visual Report. Options are available in the Visual Report Control which would allow the user to compare parameters such as the final pipe sizes to the original pipe sizes.

Transferring Sized Results

When performing sizing, the Transfer Results to Initial Guesses feature on the Output window Edit menu takes on new meaning. When used in a non-sizing context, this feature takes the solved hydraulic results (i.e., pressures, flows rates, etc.) and assigns them to the initial guess values for the pipes and junctions.

When you select Transfer Results to Initial Guesses after automated sizing, you will see a dialog window appear like that shown in Figure 12. The ANS module allows you to transfer the hydraulic results, the sized pipe diameters, or both. If you transfer the sized pipe diameters, each pipe's input diameter (back on the Workspace) will become the sized diameter.

This feature allows the sizing results to be saved to the model for use in further analysis as needed.

Conclusion

You have now used performed a network sizing to minimize pipe weight with the ANS module.