Initiation of Transients

(XTS Module Only) In general, transients can be initiated according to a certain time or according to certain events that happen in the system. These two categories are referred to as time based and event based transients. This is defined in the Initiation of Transient area of a junction's transient tab.

The Initiation of Transient area of a junction's transient tab. Options are given for Time, Single Event, Dual Event Cyclic, and Dual Event Sequential.

Figure 1: Type of transient initiation

It is helpful to consider the different time scales that are used when referring to the initiation of a transient, as shown in Figure 2.

Absolute and Simulation Time are often identical. The simulation Start Time is set in Simulation Duration panel to an Absolute Time of zero seconds by default, but it could be non-zero. In Figure 2, the Simulation Start Time is set to a value of 2 seconds – the entire Simulation Time timeline is shifted forward 2 seconds.

Event Time refers to the time data defined in Transient Data. This could be equal to Simulation Time (and Absolute Time) depending on how the event is defined. For example, all three time bases will match for a pump trip event starting at the beginning of a simulation with Start Time equal to zero. However, the event may not start until a certain system condition is met and zero Event Time could be well into the simulation.

A timeline that shows the way that transient events are timed in AFT Fathom.

Figure 2: Time basis

Time

Time based transients modify a parameter directly according to Simulation Time.

For example, consider a valve closure transient. The valve starts to close at two seconds into the simulation, and the time it takes for the valve to close is one second. After that, the valve stays closed. To define this event with the Time option, the Start Time must be set to zero, and the Transient Data must look something like the data shown in Figure 3.

The Transient tab of the Valve Properties window. Time is selected as the Initiation of Transient.

Figure 3: Defining a valve closure at a specific time

Single Event

Single Event initiated transients do not begin until a certain condition is met.

To completely define an Event, four parameters are required:

Event Type - What parameter is being considered to initiate the transient. See Table 1 below for a list of the possible Event Types.
Condition - The logical relationship between Event Type and Value (e.g. greater than, less than, etc)
Value - The specific magnitude of the Event Type parameter at Location
Location - Where in the model the Value should be observed

Given the same valve closure profile described in Figure 3, we can set the valve to remain open until (and if) the pressure at the inlet of P101 exceeds 100 psia. Note that the Transient Data is identical - but the initiation of the event may happen at a very different time.

The Transient tab of the Valve Properties window. Single Event is chosen as the Initiation of Transient.

Figure 4: Event definition

Table 1: Event types

Multi-Condition	Kv	Reservoir Liquid Height
Check Valve State	Mass Flow Rate in Pipe	Reservoir Liquid Volume
Control Valve State	Pressure Stag. Diff. at Junction	Reservoir Surface Elevation
Cv	Pressure Stag. Diff. Between Pipes	Reservoir Surface Pressure
EGL at Pipe	Pressure Stagnation at Pipe	Spray Discharge Outflow
EGL Diff. at Junction	Pressure Static at Pipe	Time Absolute
EGL Diff, Between Pipes	Pressure Static Diff. at Junction	Time Difference
HGL at Pipe	Pressure Static Diff. Between Pipes	Valve Open Percent
HGL Diff. at Junction	Pump Speed	Velocity in Pipe
HGL Diff. Between Pipes	Relief Valve State	Volumetric Flow Rate in Pipe

Dual Event Cyclic

The Dual Event options, as the names imply, require the definition of two events. The definition for each event follows the same structure as a Single Event.

Dual Event Cyclic will continue monitoring both triggering events throughout the simulation and will apply the corresponding transient data when the conditions are met.

To continue with the valve example, we can define our valve not only to open when a pressure is exceeded, we can tell it to close when the pressure drops below a certain setting.

The Transient tab in the Valve Properties Window. Dual Event Cyclic is chosen as the Initiation of Transient.

Figure 5: Dual Event set up. Note that a Second Event requires additional data for the Second Transient

Dual Event Sequential

Dual Event Sequential is nearly identical to Dual Event Cyclic. In fact, all of the required user input is the same.

The difference is that the two defined events are only applied once. That is – after the second event is complete, no more transients will be applied even if the conditions are met.

Junctions With Inherent Event Logic

There are two junction types in AFT Fathom which have built-in, or inherent, event logic. These are the check valve and relief valve. The user does not need to specify the nature of the events, and in fact is not allowed to.

The inherent event logic is very similar to the Dual Event Cyclic logic described previously.

Check valve - The check valve has two built-in events. The first is that it closes when backflow starts to occur. The second is that it reopens when sufficient pressure differential occurs. These transients are assumed to be instantaneous.
Relief valve - The relief valve has two built-in events. The first is that it opens when the set pressure is reached. The second is that it closes again when the pressure falls back below the set pressure. These transients are assumed to be instantaneous unless the Pressure/Pressure Opening/Closing profile is used.