Role of Pressure Junctions and How They Work

Role of Pressure Junctions

In modeling a generalized pipe network, it is possible to construct models that do not have a unique solution. A common occurrence of this is when a model contains one or more sections which are completely bounded by known flow rates. The simplest example is the system shown in Figure 1. In AFT Impulse terms, the system has two assigned flow junctions.

A model with two Assigned Flow Junctions and one Pipe is shown. This system does not have a unique solution due to the lack of a reference pressure.

Figure 1: Model with two assigned flows. This model does not have a unique solution

Obviously, the flow in the pipe is known. But what is the pressure at the inlet? At the outlet? It cannot be determined because there is no reference pressure. The reference pressure is that pressure from which other pressures in the system are derived. There can be more than one reference pressure, but there always has to be at least one.

The model in Figure 1 can be built with AFT Impulse and if you try and run this model, AFT Impulse will inform you that it cannot run it because of the lack of a reference pressure (Figure 2). In AFT Impulse there are several junctions that can act as a reference pressure including the reservoir, assigned pressure, valve (with the exit valve option), spray discharge, and pressure control valves.

When you try and run a model that has one or more sections completely bounded by known flows (or Flow Control Valves or Pumps operating in assigned flow mode), the Need Reference Pressure window (shown below) is displayed. This window informs you which junctions bound the sections where a reference pressure is needed to obtain a unique solution.

In multi-pipe systems there are a host of other possibilities that present themselves. All other configuration possibilities which lack a reference pressure ultimately boil down to the same problem that exists in Figure 1.

See Role of Pressure Junctions - Detailed Discussion (Long) for more information.

An AFT Fathom error message indicating that no reference pressure has been given for the system.

Figure 2: AFT Impulse message when you try to run a model without sufficient reference pressures

How Pressure Junctions Work

Pressure junctions (e.g., Reservoirs or Assigned Pressures) in AFT Impulse are an infinite source or sink of fluid. This means that they can draw or discharge as much fluid as is necessary to maintain the specified pressure. Some engineers have difficulty grasping this concept, and misuse pressure junctions in AFT Impulse. This section offers a physical example of how pressure junctions work to clarify for those having difficulty with the concept.

Consider the physical pumping system shown in Figure 3. This system pumps water from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron.

A diagram that shows a Transfer Pump pumping water from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron.

Figure 3: Physical pumping system to transfer water from shoreline supply tank (J1) to discharge tank (J2) at top of hill

An engineer is tasked with sizing the pump for this system. The engineer has an idea of the discharge head needed for the pump, and so builds an AFT Impulse model as shown in Figure 4. The Figure 4 model is attempting to represent the physical system in Figure 3, but it in fact represents the physical system in Figure 5.

A model that has 3 reservoirs and a pump, along with 3 pipes. One pipe connects the reservoir labeled Lake Ontario to the pump labeled Transfer Pump. The second pipe connects reservoir junction 3 to Transfer Pump. The third pump connects the reservoir labeled Lake Huron and junction 3.

Figure 4: Model to size pump attempting to represent system in Figure 3. It does not accurately represent Figure 3.

A diagram that shows water being pumped from Lake Ontario to Lake Erie. Lake Erie has a pipe traveling upwards to Lake Huron.

Figure 5: Physical system represented by model in Figure 4.

Why? Because the reservoir junction (J3), which is an infinite source of fluid, has been located between the pump (J2) and Lake Huron (J4). The J3 reservoir isolates Lake Ontario and the pump (J1 and J2) from Lake Huron (J4). The J3 reservoir is very much like placing Lake Erie between the supply and discharge piping.

If the engineer changes the surface elevation in J3, it is like changing the surface elevation of Lake Erie. It will change the flow rate in the pipes, but no matter how high the water level of Lake Erie, it does not change the fact that the pumping system is isolated from Lake Huron. The flow rate in the piping from J4 to J3 is entirely dependent on the difference in surface elevations between J3 and J4, and is not influenced by the J2 pump in any way.

How then should the physical system in Figure 3 be modeled? It should be modeled as shown in Figure 6.

A model that has 2 reservoir junctions, a pump, and 2 pipes. The first pipe connects a reservoir labeled Lake Ontario to a pump labeled Transfer Pump. The second pipe connects the Transfer Pump to the reservoir labeled Lake Huron.

Figure 6: Proper model of physical system shown in Figure 3.

If the goal is to size the pump at J2, the model in Figure 6 can be used with the pump modeled as a fixed flow pump.